Pope Benedict XVI, a German, has named 24 new Roman Catholic cardinals but only two from heavily Catholic Latin America : Archbishop Raul Eduardo Vela Chiriboga of Quito, Ecuador and Archbishop Raymundo Damasceno Assis of Aparecida, Brasil.
Warsaw's Archbishop Kazimierz Nycz was also named a Cardinal.
The two appointments are considered by some a major disappointment for Latin America's representation at the highest levels of the billion-member church.
"The preponderance of Italians would suggest the scale has tipped in favor of an Italian candidate for the next conclave," said Gerard O'Connell, a veteran Irish Vatican correspondent.